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The Matlab rangefilt() function does, according to its documentation, a what it's called morphological gradient. The morphological gradient is the operation resultant from applying over an image a dilation followed by an erosion (see more details here). Such thing is easily achievable with OpenCV function morphologyEx():
morphologyEx(input, output, MORPH_GRADIENT, Mat()); //C++, Python equivalent available
The Mat() kernel is simply the 3x3 neighborhood. As in Matlab, you can change such neighborhood to the one desired by creating a structuring element (with getStructuringElement()).