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Did you even read the Viola and Jones paper describing the topic of face detection using a cascade of boosted features (haar wavelets in their case)? It clearly describes that those basic functions are used because they correspond to the most descriptive facial features, nothing less, nothing more.

That being said, if you want to know exactly how OpenCV builds it haar wavelet structure, take a look at chapter 5 of the OpenCV 3 Blueprints book, which goes into great depth explaining these features.

The images below describes what is being done (mind the small typo at the bottom, which is discussed here)

image description

This results in the following features for the HAAR model inside OpenCV (top row)

image description

IF you need better and more detailed explanations, buy the book ^_^

Did you even read the Viola and Jones paper describing the topic of face detection using a cascade of boosted features (haar wavelets in their case)? It clearly describes that those basic functions are used because they correspond to the most descriptive facial features, nothing less, nothing more.

That being said, if you want to know exactly how OpenCV builds it haar wavelet structure, take a look at chapter 5 of the OpenCV 3 Blueprints book, which goes into great depth explaining these features.

The images below describes what is being done (mind the small typo at the bottom, which is discussed here)

image description

This results in the following features for the HAAR model inside OpenCV (top row)2 rows, ignore the LBP features here but no time to cut them off now)

image description

IF you need better and more detailed explanations, buy the book ^_^