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One popular choice is to use the shape-context-descriptor in conjunction with the Hausdorff-distance (s. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/shape/sc_digits.html)

Exactly this combination has been integrated in OpenCV's master branch (see github). Have a look at the example samples/cpp/shape_example.cpp (unfortunately not very well commented and formated) and the documentation of the used methods: http://docs.opencv.org/trunk/modules/shape/doc/shape_distances.html