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Partially, you can use BFMatcher() for the first definition of vl_ubcmatch (http://www.vlfeat.org/matlab/vl_ubcmatch.html). Although not mentioned in the documentation of BFMatcher, it is also available under python (see also <your-opencv-folder>/samples/python2/find_obj.py):

>>> import cv2
>>> ? cv2.BFMatcher
Type:       builtin_function_or_method
String Form:<built-in function BFMatcher>
Docstring:  BFMatcher([, normType[, crossCheck]]) -> <BFMatcher object>

The second variant (i.e. the pruning of the results with a threshold) you would have to code yourself, this ratio-test is however pretty easy to accomplish see e.g. http://answers.opencv.org/question/4829/how-to-filter-freakbruteforcematcher-result/ .

In general, however, not each vlfeat-method is that easily adaptable with OpenCV, I wish there would be some work to fuse both great libraries...