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Your question is not about opencv but fourier transform.

1) "To analyze the frequency content, is it appropriate to analyze just the magnitude data" read this http://www.comm.utoronto.ca/~dkundur/course_info/signals/notes/Kundur_FourierMagPhase.pdf and read this too. IMHO answer is no phase and magnitude are important your question is z= r exp(i phi). Is r most important than phi ?

2) It will depend of what you want : use google key words steerable filters

3) image is made of real number : bacsic properties are true for 2d signal

Your question is not about opencv but fourier transform.

1) "To analyze the frequency content, is it appropriate to analyze just the magnitude data" read this http://www.comm.utoronto.ca/~dkundur/course_info/signals/notes/Kundur_FourierMagPhase.pdf and read this too. IMHO answer is no : phase and magnitude are important your question is z= r exp(i phi). Is r most important than phi ?

2) It will depend of what you want : use google key words steerable filters

3) image is made of real number : bacsic properties are true for 2d signal