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A keypoint is a pixel in the image for which you want to extract some information. It can either be a random position in the image or a position that has some kind of property, more of that at the extractor part.
A keypoint extractor is an automated technique for extracting keypoints in a given image that have some kind of property. For example a strong edge response, a specific color, a high response to a specific Gabor filter, ...
Finally a keypoint descriptor takes a region around the found keypoint and tries to come up with a compact description of that region. This is used for later comparison, learning, ... The possibilities here are also endless.