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First you need to detect the object in your images -> object detection, i.e. locating the object's position in an image (e.g. pedestrians).
If you also want to categorize it -> object recognition, i.e. identifying the object (e.g. a specific person), no information where it is located in the image is involved in this step.
You (and also Steven - no offense!) mix here several things: keypoint-detectors and descriptor-extractors like the mentioned ones can be used for both tasks. Furthermore you can use classifiers for object detection and for object recognition.
You ask, when to use which algorithm. This is a very difficult question and depends very much on your problem you want to solve and the data you are using.
